Respiratory Synovial Virus (RSV) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Respiratory Synovial Virus (RSV) - Term Paper Example Almost every child will have atleast one RSV infection in the first 3 years of life (Krilov, 2011). The disease is prevalent in most parts of the world and is associated with some morbidity and mortality. Mortality rate however is low and less than 1 percent even in hospitalized children. Increased mortality is seen only in high risk groups like immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease and prematurity (Marlais et al, 2011). In these children, even the hospital stay is prolonged. There is some evidence that infants who have suffered RSV infection are likely to develop abnormal pulmonary function tests related to asthma or obstructive disease (Krilov, 2011). It is yet unclear whether the virus itself causes the disease are those who have such problems are prone to the disease. The disease occurs in all races and both the sexes. Reinfection can occur any time in life, with limitation to upper respiratory tract. Virology The virus has 10 genes which encode 11 proteins, M2 has 2 open readin g frames. NS_ and 2 inhibit the activity of interferon-1. N encodes for the nucleocapsid protein resulting in association with the genomic RNA, forming nucleocapsid. The matrix protein that is essential for viral assembly is encoded by M. The viral coat is formed by G, SH and F. G is the surface protein and is glycosylated heavily. It mainly functions as the protein of attachment. F is also a surface protein. It mainly mediated fusion and helps in the entry of the virus into the cell and also transfer of the virus from one cell to another through syncytia (Ji, 2009). Site of infection Infection due to RSV is restricted to the respiratory tract. In young children and infant, the lower respiratory tract gets involved. The virus gets inoculated in the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and the virus gradually spreads to the lower respiratory tract through cell-to-cell transfer along the syncytia (Garzon et al, 2002). Clinical presentation Clinically, the child begins with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and small airway disease many manifest within 2 days. Clinical features include coryza, cough, wheezing, few crepitations, low grade fever and poor appetite. In some children, the disease is advanced and manifests as retractions, cyanosis and low oxygen saturations on oximetry. Secondary bacterial infections are rare with RSV infection, except for otitis media which occurs in 40 percent cases. In very small infants apnea and sepsis like picture can occur. In older children, RSV is more limited to upper respiratory tract. In elderly people, RSV is a severe disease (Marlais et al, 2011). In those with immunodeficiency also, severe disease occurs. Because of decreased oral intake and increased loss of water through increased breathing, children with RSV infection are likely to be dehydrated (Krilov, 2011). Risk factors Factors associated with increased risk of developing the infection are attendance to child care, lower socioeconomic status , crowding, exposure to pollutants in the environment like traffic pollutants and smoking, absence of breast feeding, multiple births sets and family history of asthma. Other risk factors include prematurity, age less than 3 months, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, congenital immunodeficiency and severe neuromuscular

It is believed globalisation is beneficial but only for the developed Essay

It is believed globalisation is beneficial but only for the developed world it is an evil concept for the underdeveloped world. Comment on this statement - Essay Example s, not only in traditional international trade in goods and services, but also in exchanges of currencies; in capital movements; in technology transfer; in people moving through international travel and migration; and in international flows of information and ideas. Globalization has involved greater openness in the international economy, an integration of markets on a worldwide basis, and a movement toward a borderless world, all of which have led to increases in global flows. Michael D. Intriligator’s paper (2001) indicates several sources of globalization over the last several decades. One such source has been technological advances that have significantly lowered the costs of transportation and communication and dramatically lowered the costs of data processing and information storage and retrieval. A second source of globalization has been trade liberalization and other forms of economic liberalization that have led to reduced trade protection and to a more liberal world trading system. A third source of globalization has been changes in institutions, where organizations have a wider reach, due, in part, to technological changes and to the more wide-ranging horizons of their managers, who have been empowered by advances in communications. A fourth reason for globalization has been the global agreement on ideology, with a convergence of beliefs in the value of a market economy and a free trade system. A fifth reason for globalization has been cultural developments, with a move to a globalized and homogenized media, the arts, and popular culture and with the widespread use of the English language for global communication. It must be understood that globalization has clearly changed the world system and that

Exploring the continuity between heritage and nationalism Essay

Exploring the continuity between heritage and nationalism - Essay Example At the heart of the concept of nationalism therefore is the recognition and portrayal of this nation and the creation of an identification of its people. This can be done through the fostering of national heritage. Heritage is an important and indispensable addition to the concept of national identity and has evolved simultaneously with nationalism. The connection between nationalism and heritage is evidently strong. The nation is a concept built by heritage. Nations will cease to exist without their national heritage. The Relationship between Nationalism and Heritage Heritage, defined as â€Å"that which has been or may be inherited† (Howard, 2003, p. 6), developed from a set of philosophies and ideas, which openly represent ‘modernity’. The modern period, as usually described, frequently espouses a Eurocentric worldview. 18th- and 19th-century Europe are regarded as the zenith of modernism as secularism developed during the Renaissance finally translated into th e Enlightenment of the 18th century, with its support for and confidence in human rationality. The idea of European nation-state was formed within this perspective (Howard, 2003, p. 6). Similar to the Renaissance, the Enlightenment is regarded as being characterised by its specific interpretation of heritage. Consequently, the modern period is characterised by the development of various accounts of nationalism as the â€Å"ideology of belongingness† (Corsane, 2005, p. 3) and primary component of validation in state-building process. As stated by Woolf (Corsane, 2005, p. 3): National identity is an abstract concept that sums up the collective expression of a subjective, individual sense of belonging to a socio-political unit: the nation state. Nationalist rhetoric assumes not only that individuals form part of a nation (through language, blood, choice, residence, or some other criterion), but that they identify with the territorial unit of the nation state. The character of a nation is an aspect related to its attitude toward its national heritage. Basically, national heritage is defined as shared memories of a society emphasising symbols, cultural objects, historical experiences, and people which are viewed as prerequisites for the existence of nation (Labadi & Long, 2010, p. 39). The more components such as symbols and cultural objects that are integrated into a dynamic appreciation and recognition of national heritage, the stronger the concept of national identity and the more intense and committed the nationalism of the community. Thus, when the English appreciated their national heritage, particularly their diverse English intellectuals and literary geniuses, they showed a strong and passionate sense of being‘English’ (Laurajane, 2006, p. 136). Moreover, according to Borelli and Lenzerini (2012), the attempt of Eastern European peoples to restore their 19th-century national heritage, with its focus on commemorating historical events and past grandeurs, is a perfect example of strengthening the sense of nationalism. In this visualisation of a nation that is also the native soil of inhabitants who share cultural similarities, heritage is the most important tool in the development or building and consequent cultivation of a national identity. National heritage and nationalism evolved simultaneously while the concept of ‘nation’

Chicago Police Department Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chicago Police Department - Essay Example The Chicago PD’s first strength is the fact that it has something of a monopoly in its field. When a person wants to take recourse to the legal system for a crime, their only recourse is to the Chicago PD, and by law they are the only group that provide many of the services they do. This means that the Chicago PD does not need to fear competition from any other group or organization providing similar services. The Chicago PD’s second major strength is in another vein, recognisability and marketing. The Police Department is so well known and intrinsically connected to their services in public knowledge that they have no need to spend many resources on marketing simply to let people know they exist and what their services are. Chicago PD’s widespread recognition can, however, be as much of a weakness as it is a strength. While Chicago Police Department is incredibly well known, but as mentioned above its reputation is formed as much by media as anything else, and thus misinformation and messages the Chicago PD do not want to be connected to can be at least as well known as things it wants to be connected to. One of the best ways for the Chicago PD to minimize this weakness is to work with community groups to spread the message that the Chicago PD wants, and actively fight against misrepresentation in media. The Chicago police department’s second main weakness is the fact that it relies heavily on crime reporting to be able to do its job effectively (). The Chicago PD thus must make itself as accessible as possible in order to find true criminals rather than just those who are afraid of the police. The Chicago PD can fight this as much as possible by minimizing the degree to which they attack people who are reporting crimes. Though it is responsible for finding criminals equally, allowing people of questionable immigration status or who might be involved in crime themselves to report crime allows them to respond more universally to crime. The Chicago Police Department has a wide array of opportunities to better fulfill its mission statement. One of the biggest ones revolves around the fact that by its very nature members of the police department have to be in constant contact with the members of the community in which they live. This means that if the Chicago PD can successfully realign itself to focus on community outreach, it can more easily cure the problems of a community rather than just treat the symptoms (Chicago PD 1993). The second major opportunity for the Chicago PD is that technology of policing is constantly advancing, and often at a rate much faster than the forces police are trying to fight (ie. Criminals). This means that if the Police Department successfully identifies trains and begins use of new and emerging technologies it can accomplish its mission with increasing efficiency, as it often does not have to fight competition with access to the same emergent technologies (Sims 2011). The biggest threats to the Chicago PD is the growing trend of people failing to report crimes and settle things using criminal activity, especially gang violence. This undermines the whole system under which the police force works, and

Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Existentialism - Essay Example In other words, existentialism is a philosophical idea that is related to discovering oneself and the whole significance of life by the use of self-determination, freedom, autonomy, choosing, and responsibility. The idea is that every individual is seeking to discover and realize their true existence - who they are; what they are? - in life as each one makes decision according to his or her experiences, principles, and point of view. And options become distinctive without having the need of an impartial mode of reality. Existentialists believe in the idea that every person are compelled to make choices so as they should be responsible enough in making decisions with the aid of ethics and traditional beliefs. Freedom is a rudimentary idea in existentialism. Existentialists assert that while there are things that one cannot control such as skin colour, parents, race, etc., there is no possibility in pre-determining human actions, and that every human are deemed responsible for every act that he or she takes. In addition, the existentialist’ idea of facticity – a person is what the person’s past is in that his past co-establishes itself. (Sartre, â€Å"Being and Nothingness†). Many philosophers agree that freedom is something that cannot be separated from a person’s own nature. As a matter of fact, some existentialists subscribe to the notion that in dealing with human affairs, more so, on issues related to existence and personal concerns, human reasoning becomes limited, and sometimes, become insensible. Moreover, rationality does not have the ability to completely provide a person with the kind of consciousness needed to understand oneself; thus, human reasoning and other forms of rationality are insufficient (Kierkegaard 5). In religion, existentialists asserts that every believer should realize that, in studying the

Analysis of Police Corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Police Corruption - Research Paper Example The police department is constructed under the constitution and mandated to provide security and ensure all laws of the land have adhered. When the police are engaged in corrupt activities, they break their mandate. In responding to this, corrupt officers are arrested and charged in the court. This has been very effective in ensuring that the officers are responsible for all their actions. Through corruption, the police deny the citizens some rights like the right to protected by a law-enforcing agency. This is clearly stipulated in the constitution. In some corrupt police dealing, they collude with criminal for them to carry out their activities effectively. In covering up their activities, these officers may undertake the arrest of innocent people. This raises questions as to where the security of the citizen could be upheld. This leads to reduced trust in the operations of the police offices. Since the citizens may lack the sound background to bring forth their claims, various hum an rights groups have been on their rescue. They have made it possible for various reforms to be made which has gradually improved the interaction between the police and the citizens (Forst & Dempsey, 2011). Corruption is conducted in the police force in numerous ways. Bribery, which entails the exchange of a benefit between police officers, is the most common form of corruption. This is evident in traffic rules violation and illegal sale of drugs. Though this acts, the police officers propagate crimes rather than curbing it. In response to this, the root causes of the crime have been investigated and various strategies implemented. Since the public promotes the vice through producing bribes, they should be educated on the possible repercussions that may befall on them once they are identified. Therefore, in ensuring that the vice is completely gotten rid of, proper coordination between various stakeholders is necessary. Causes of police corruption Lack of professionalism by police officers in the conduction of their activities is one of the main causes of the increase in corrupt activities.

Germany and the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany and the European Union - Essay Example As mentioned above, EU embraces international trade at a larger extent. Germany would benefit from this as it would the other countries in the integration. As a matter of facts, Germany can be looked at as a blessing to these other countries (Schweiger 12). This country is prosperous and has a strong economic productivity (Janning, tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de). Thus, there is a lot that it brings on the table to the benefit of EU. For instance, it has a pool of quality products and up-to-date technology that is available at reduced or no tariffs to other nations in the integration. As would be like with any other symbiotic relationship, Germany is set to gain a lot from other nations as well. She would trade buying goods and services from other EU Nations. This will make the EU self-sufficient continent whereby all Member countries benefit (Janning, tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de). As much as it is crucial for Europe to grow strong politically, it is obvious that economic dynamism brought about by integration as well as the attractiveness of the market to have played a bigger role as a driving force that prompted other European Nations to accede (Schweiger 16). Germany European Policy has supported the integration process and the establishment of institutions relevant to prosperity of the integration (Schweiger 22). In addition, Germany foreign policy ensures that her relations with other countries are aligned to EU policy (Janning, tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de). In conclusion, Germany undoubtedly desires a Europe that has the ability of acting, transparent and democratic, one that has a strengthened European Parliament and certainly that has clearly defined